The fighting bull is one of the most iconic animals of the San Fermin festival and the result of centuries of selective breeding by humans. Although it belongs to the same species as domestic cattle (Bos taurus), the fighting bull breed has been selected for characteristics such as endurance, physical strength, and specific behavioral traits. Its biology and senses are adapted to detect threats in open spaces, something essential for an animal that, unlike predators, evolved as prey.
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One of the most widespread myths is that bulls charge because they see the color red. In reality, their vision is very different from ours. Bulls are dichromatic animals, capable of distinguishing mainly bluish and yellowish tones, while they perceive red as a muted color. What actually triggers a charge is movement. In addition, their eyes, positioned on the sides of their heads, provide them with a wide field of vision that allows them to monitor much of their surroundings, although their frontal vision and precise perception of distance are more limited than those of humans.
Hearing and smell also play a fundamental role. Bulls can perceive higher-frequency sounds than humans, making shouts, whistles, and loud noises particularly noticeable to them. Their sense of smell allows them to recognize other animals, detect dangers, and even perceive chemical substances associated with emotional states. This is where the popular idea that they can “smell fear” comes from, an idea that has some biological basis.
Their horns are another of their most distinctive features. Unlike deer antlers, which shed and regrow each year, horns are permanent structures consisting of a bony core covered in keratin. In addition to serving as a defensive tool, they possess nerve endings that make them important tactile organs, capable of helping the animal gauge distances and sense impacts. The fighting bull is, in short, an extraordinary example of animal adaptation that combines evolution, genetics, biomechanics, and behavior.
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In summary: The bull use it senses to detect danger. It has excellent hearing and a strong sense of smell . It detects movement better than colors
Its horns help it defend itself
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